The Environmental Issue of Overpopulation

The Environmental Issue of Overpopulation Jakira West June 10, 2012 The Environmental Issue of Overpopulation As time passes and our world’s population continues to grow, overpopulation is becoming a very serious issue deserving of the upmost acknowledgement and consideration. Throughout history crowding of the earth and the overuse of the world’s natural resources has hardly been a main concern. Today however, with a population of 7 billion people and counting, the diminishment of the earth’s resources has become a more serious issue than ever before.According to the Environmental Protection Agency, overpopulation occurs when a population’s density exceeds the capacity of the environment to supply the health requirements of an individual. In other words, overpopulation happens when the amount of individuals exceeds the amount of resources the individuals require in order to satisfy their most basic needs. Overpopulation has become an issue because our ear th can only provide so much for the sustainment of every human life. In the past, more industrialized and populated countries have been main contributors to the pollution and plundering of the Earth.The United Nations reports that population increases have slowed and even stopped in places such as North America, Japan, and Europe. Still, the growth in population of places such as sub-Saharan Africa and south and western Asia has been a significant factor in the increase of the world’s population. â€Å"Industrialized countries in the past have done their share of plundering and polluting. But today most such problems occur in developing countries commonly called the Third World, which also happen to be the areas of greatest population growth† (Nat Geo).The global population rises at the rate of 78 million people per year. A problem within the problem of overpopulation is the fact that the fastest growing countries are the least able to afford their large populations. à ¢â‚¬Å"Africa’s population has tripled since 1960 and continues to grow the fastest. Europe had twice as many people as Africa in 1960. By 2050 experts estimate there will be three times as many Africans as Europeans† (Nat Geo). The idea of more people may not seem like a big deal, but it is a huge deal when everyone’s most basic needs cannot be met because there are too many people.The United Nations believes that as the 21st century approaches, more than a billion people will lack their most basic needs. Nearly three-fifths of the 4. 8 people in developing countries lack sanitation and other needs as it is. In 1798, British economist Thomas Malthus proposed the theory that population growth would surpass that ability to produce food, and this, he said, would lead to war, famine, and disease (Nat Geo). Pollution, exploitation of natural resources, and deforestation are just a few of the effects of overpopulation. Another negative aspect of overpopulation is the i ssue of waste management.More people means more waste, and more waste means that a serious innovation in waste management must occur. Otherwise the poor management of waste will lead to massive disease outbreaks. Besides this, more waste also means more pollution. Every year the United Nations observes a World Population Day. On this day there is great fanfare, the government officials issues statements regarding depopulation programs, and the media has a field day with the talk of depopulation methods. Many people are apprehensive in regards to the subject of overpopulation and some blame overpopulation as the real cause for poverty and underdevelopment.However, there are those that don’t view the subject as a threat and that the facts should be thoroughly reviewed before making such claims. Doug Allen, dean of the school of Architecture at Georgia Institute of Technology, believes that overpopulation isn’t a serious concern seeing as how architects and urban design e xperts don’t even consider the theory when they build their models. He also goes on to cite the falling birthrates in urban populations such as Italy as further proof. Many researchers have claimed that the problem is not too many people and that contrary to popular belief, world population growth is actually declining.According to UN figures, the 79 countries that comprise 40 percent of the world’s population now have fertility rates too low to prevent population decline. According to Dr. Osterfeld of St. Joseph’s College in Rensselaer, Indiana, â€Å"by meaningful measure the world is actually becoming relatively less populated (Jan). Despite the belief that the world is not becoming overpopulated, the world’s population has been increasing since the eighteenth century. Population has risen six-fold in the past 200 years and this has been made possible by explosions in productivity, resources food, information, communications, science, and medicine.Sup posedly, the six-fold increase is thus dwarfed by the eighty-fold in world output during the same 200-year period. The current overpopulation hysteria began in the sixties with Paul Ehrlich who wrote the book â€Å"The Population Bomb† and frightened millions with prophesies of starvation, death, and destruction (Jan). Ehrlich predicted increases in famine, dwindling and rising expenses of natural resources, piles of waste, and environmental destruction, all of which are occurring as we speak. According to the U. S.Census Bureau’s International Data Base, by the year 2050, India will replace China as the world’s most populated country (Hoevel). This will happen as a result of each country’s rapid population growth rate. If India and China continue to grow at their current rates, their countries will become overpopulated and their resources will become jeopardized. The president of the Population Institute, Lawrence Smith, believes that the worst possible result of overpopulation would be the diminishment of fresh, clean water (Hoevel). I completely agree with this because obviously no living organism can be so without water.Fresh water is a valuable and diminishing resource. Two percent of the earth’s water is fresh and 1. 6 percent is frozen in polar ice caps and glaciers. A huge issue we will have in the near future is how the increasing population will share less than half percent of the earths usable freshwater. With that said, uranium will also become a valuable and diminishing resource because the nuclear power generated by uranium is used to run seawater desalinization plants (Mills). One of the biggest issues with the growing population rate is that it means there will be many more mouths to feed.As of right now, we do not have enough food to do that, so we will need to grow more. To grow more food, we will need to yield to arable lands and find more fresh water, and we will also need more nuclear energy (uranium). Po tash will also become a valuable and diminishing resource because it is one of the macronutrients essential for plants to grow and thrive. Potash is a major source of potassium, which is found in every plant cell. The increase use of plant nutrients will be most effective in increasing crop yields in the face of an increasing global population and water shortages (Mills).In conclusion, overpopulation has a number of effects and will cause a myriad of chain effects. Scientists, economists, and investors alike all see vital issues aroused by the growth in our population. It is a serious matter because it will lead to the exhaustion of our already diminishing natural resources as well as disease outbreaks and even more pollution. Technology has struggled to keep up with and tend to the problem of overpopulation, yet the challenge to find more efficient and environmentally friendly ways to preserve the earth and feed the world still remains.Our natural resources must be reserved and use d efficiently. While some countries are making strides within their own borders to halt the issue, the only solution to the problem of overpopulation is for the nations to come together and decide a civil, humane, and environmentally friendly way to work towards the management and preservation of the earth and her resources. Works Cited Hoevel, Ann. â€Å"Overpopulation Could Be People, Planet Problem. † CNN. 25 Sept. 2007. Web. 19 May 2012. . Hovel describes some potential effects of overpopulation and cites credible references. India will replace China as world’s most populated country by 2050. There will be 9 billion people by 2050. Highlights issues of freshwater scarcity and waste management. Hopkins, James. â€Å"Overpopulation: The Human Population Crisis. â€Å"Overpopulation: The Human Population Crisis. Web. 19 May 2012. . Hopkins describes the issue of overpopulation from a mathematical and scientific standpoint. Exponential growth is applied to human popu lation.Compares past population growth to recent growth. States that human population will reach 8 Billion by 2028. Describes carrying capacity. Compares population growth in third countries to that of rich countries. Describes nature â€Å"a the balance of existence. † Jan, Abid Ullah. â€Å"Overpopulation: Myths, Facts, and Politics. † Overpopulation:Myths, Facts, and Politics. Web. 19 May 2012. . This source is valuable because Jan views overpopulation from a different standpoint. Believes world population is actually declining.Recalls â€Å"hysteria† beginning in the 60s with Paul Ehrlich. Discusses poverty and underdevelopment in relation to overpopulation. â€Å"Latest Video. † Overpopulation Is a Myth |. Web. 19 May 2012. . This source is valuable because it also views overpopulation from the opposite standpoint. Challenges United Nations’ theory. Uses â€Å"scientific evidence. † Provides visuals. Mills, Richard. â€Å"Resource Scar city and Population Growth. † FINANCIAL SENSE. N. p. , 01 June 2012. Web. 10 June 2012. . National Geographic: Eye in the Sky–Overpopulation. † National Geographic:Eye in the Sky–Overpopulation. Web. 13 May 2012. . Talks about population growth in third world countries. Mentions British economist Thomas Malthus. Cites United Nations. â€Å"OVERPOPULATION: A Key Factor in Species Extinction. † Overpopulation. Web. 19 May 2012. . Discusses doubling of world population. Describes overpopulation as a key factor in species extinction. World Overpopulation Awareness. † WOA!! World Ovepopulation Awareness. Web. 19 May 2012. . Aims to solve issue with justice and compassion. Provides information on environment, sustainability, and human impacts and also covers a range of topics from nitrogen to global warming. Provides information on potential solutions. â€Å"Worst Environmental Problem? Overpopulation, Experts Say. † ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily , 18 Apr. 2009. Web. 19 May 2012. . Describes overpopulation as planet’s most pressing issue.

Lucozade Adverts

Lucozade is a product which over the years has totally changed the target audience and its impact on the market. At the start of its production life it was marketed as a drink which helped aid recovery for sick children, so the obvious target market was mothers who would be encouraged by the commercial to buy the drink for their children. However, as time went by this proved unsuccessful. It was time for change and this they did, changing not only image but target market and the different uses for the drink. The first advertisement studied was an original commercial which advertised Lucozade as a drink which aids recovery from illness; aimed to be bought by mothers, and promoted very much as a ‘happy family' drink. However, the slogan ‘Lucozade Aids Recovery' made consumers think it was a drink only for the sick and not intended for healthy people; because of improving social conditions and medical care, fewer people felt the need to buy Lucozade when they were ill, causing as obvious decrease in sales. Another problem was the packaging: it was a unique large glass bottle, but was only suitable for use in the home. Consumers who felt thirsty were unlikely to buy it and drink it on the street, which meant that the brand was only sold in large grocery stores and chemist so limiting its availability and reducing its market share. The drink itself was also a problem as it was then only provided in one flavour and consumers could take it or leave it, so many simply did not like th e taste and bought other soft drinks. A positive side to this advertising, however, was that everybody had heard of Lucozade and it had an excellent reputation, strongly associated with glucose and health. It was sold at a high price compared to production cost which meant that Lucozade made tremendous profit on each bottle sold. There was also no direct competition, not even from supermarkets, who often market their ‘own brand' versions of successful products. The Daley Thompson advertisements were the ‘cure' and saviour of the Lucozade drink in using a top sports superstar to endorse and advertise the product. Thompson was a double Olympic gold winning decathlete in the 1980s, and so was a world renowned sports star and he was British! A totally new advertising campaign was now launched to give Lucozade a new image and enhance its reputation in a modern was that consumers would feel was relevant to them. The image of the children and sickrooms was gone and in came representations of fitness and healthy living, so completely transforming the total target market, as it now promised energy for healthy athletes, not for convalescent children. In addition there would be announcements of new products for example providing new flavours that would give Lucozade a much wider appeal through its advertising. Also the first part of the campaign introduced the single-drink, quarter litre bottle. Sales improved dramatically and the newer, smaller bottle was sold in small shops as well as chemists, so widening its availability. The Daley Thompson advertisement starts with an extreme close-up of a red traffic light which draws attention immediately to the screen, as it then switches to a shot of Daley Thompson slowing down from a run, while it states: ‘8AM Daley Thompson', stops training for a refreshment. Another picture of a red light cross fades to a shot of Daley coming to a standstill: when Daley stops, the viewers stop to focus a shimmering heat on the running track, which is red, the corporate colour of Lucozade. The effect of this dramatic opening is to show the viewer Thompson's total exhaustion, whilst the red colours remind us of the product label. It also has an American style with the traffic lights and intense heat so suggesting what an international superstar Daley Thompson is. It also indicates that if he trains in America, he must be popular whilst it is a country associated with success – as is Thompson, and, by implication, Lucozade The traffic lights turn amber as it goes to a shot of Daley: the clothes he is wearing are grey and dull emphasising that he is exhausted from a long training session. He is depicted with a bottle of Lucozade, flipping it out of out of his bag to show it is portable and will fit into a bag which can be taken anywhere. He drinks it; am extreme close-up follows of the vivid orange Lucozade liquid and bubbles passing through it like the energy building up. There is also an extreme close-up of the bottle with a Royal Seal of Approval indicating that is a high quality product, which is good enough to be royally approved, to remind viewers of the tradition and reputation. The music speeds up and the camera moves in and goes to an extreme close-up of a green light, zooms in and out quickly and moves to a mid-shot of Daley getting ready to sprint; this is in slow-motion which indicates the energy building up and rushing through his body from the tip of his toes to the top of his head. He burst from the block and races down the track towards the camera and audience to fully involve them, stressing how quick he is and it is implied that the Lucozade has fully revitalised him. There is then a variety of shots of his legs pounding down the runway, making the advertisement more explosive and exciting so retaining audience involvement. The shots change quickly to reflect the speed of Lucozade, but it ends with a freeze frame of Daley in motion winning his race. The words ‘Lucozade' and ‘the refreshing glucose drink' appear in the Lucozade ‘font' whilst the voice of Des Lynam is heard saying these words, portraying more celebrity endorsement which gives Lucozade an even better image having been endorsed by two famous sport personalities. Sound is also used to excellent effect in the advertisement as the music is of a heavy metal style, which was popular with teenagers at the time, the band being Iron Maiden with their song ‘Phantom of the Opera', complementing the images perfectly. The music gives the advertisement a racy and modern edge whilst also appealing to a younger audience than the mothers of the older advertisements. Therefore, the advertisement was constructed extremely well and this was reflected in a huge increase in sales, mainly because of the Daley Thompson endorsement. It helped Lucozade become what it is today, a well known and respected top sports drinks used by the worlds best professional and amateur athletes aswell as ordinary people on the street who have been convinced by a series of very powerful advertisements.

Theme of Love in Sonnets 18, 75 and 43

In Shakespeare's sonnet 18, Edmund Spenser's sonnet 75 and Elizabeth Barret Browning's sonnet 43 a key idea encompassed through all of them is the theme of love, which is portrayed using an array of language features most commonly figurative language. Shakespeare uses Figurative language to help himself portray the theme of love in sonnet 18 . â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summers day? † at the start of the sonnet he asks a rhetorical question too himself if he is able to compare the beauty of his lover and his love for that person through a summer's day.But he decides against this instead using an extended metaphor to describe just how much better this person is compared to a summers day â€Å"Thou art more lovely and temperate. † This line in the sonnet means that this person is more lovely and constant than a summers day, he uses this extended metaphor to show exactly how much he is in love with this person, as the complete octet and two thirds of the sestet in the sonnet are dedicated to describing and making his lover sound perfect in every way.He then uses the last two lines of the sestet to explain to his lover that even when both of them are dead and gone beyond the grave, that they will still be famous because of his sonnet describing his love for that person. â€Å"So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and gives life to thee. † I believe that Shakespeare knew all these years ago that people will always fall in love and this is the key to this sonnet living on and in turn the person he wrote it for. In the same way Shakespeare is trying to immortalize his love through a sonnet using figurative language, Edmund Spencer does also. One day I wrote her name upon the strand, But came the waves and washed it -away† He is talking about how he is trying to write her name in the sand, but the waves a metaphor for time keep on destroying it meaning he has to do it again. â€Å"Again I tried to write it wit h a second hand, But came the tide, and made my pains his prey† He uses personification to make the tide sound like a predator and this helps with the visual imagery of time slowly destroying everything. This helps show truly how much he loves this women if he is willing to go against time to prove his love for her.It shows that he does not care about things like time and will do whatever it takes to make sure his love for his partner is immortalized and that she is forever known because of it. He reinforces his eternal love for her through the use of repetition in words like fame, eternize and glorious and this helps the reader understand the kind of the love that Edmund Spenser depicted through this sonnet so long ago. Quite like sonnet 18 I believe that Edmund knew that similar love to his own would always be around even if slightly watered down and that no matter what age people were in this sonnet would remain true for the timesFrom the first line of Elizabeth Barret Brow ning's sonnet 43 you already know she is talking about romantic love and she does this in the sonnet by using figurative language. â€Å"How do I love Thee† she starts off by asking herself a rhetorical question about the right way to love her partner, from this alone you can tell that she is deeply in love and wants to make sure she is perfect for him. She continues from there by using a metaphor to describe her love for him. â€Å"I love thee to depth and breadth and height† what she is saying through this metaphor is that she loves him in every way humanly possible for her and that she is his to love.She incorporates repetition as a way of explaining all the romantic ways in which she loves him. â€Å"I love thee freely, as men strive for right, I love thee purely as they turn from praise†¦ † Because of these language features a vivid image is portrayed of her love for him, and this makes it easier to understand what kind of message she is portraying thr ough the sonnet. To conclude sonnets 18,75 and 43 all share a key theme this theme is love. Love is depicted in all of these sonnets from the use of figurative language.Figurative language is used as it helps give the reader a vivid image of the love portrayed through these sonnets. Sonnet 18 is about someone who has fallen in love, sonnet 75 true love and sonnet 43 romantic love. yet even though they are three different types of love displayed, all three sonnets none written by the same person all talk about how because of their sonnet their lover will forever be famous and this has remained true. As even though man is in a new era people still and will probably always be affected by the overwhelming strength of love.

2 parts 1 business plane 2 entrepreneurial motivations characteristics Assignment

2 parts 1 business plane 2 entrepreneurial motivations characteristics - Assignment Example It was these qualities coupled with determination that made him to create today’s valuable company, thus introducing the element of change to many industries and in the process affecting our day to day activities. Jobs used his intuition to make major decisions and come up with his ideas which mostly were shaped from desperate life experiences (Hunter, 2012: 42). To describe Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur, wee will look at his entrepreneurial characteristics so as to identify what was it that drove, motivated or inspired him to leave a legacy he has left today (Mancuso, 2014: 101). Are you aware with the Mac and iPod? Sure, I believe you are and they were as a result of the discovery of the potential of the Pixar early on before anyone else. The invention of the Pixar touch was as a result of the self-confidence and optimistic nature of Jobs as he was dedicated to his work. He thought of the best ideas and gave all his energy to make create the idea as his dreams. This invention was later used by other companies to various purposes and under different circumstances like in car manufacture, toy story amongst others (Kuratko, 2009: 18). During his time, Microsoft was renowned for its products and its ability to change to applications which were user friendly. Apple’s ideas and design were not known in the market therefore it was a great risk for Jobs to introduce the idea of the ideas and designs in the market at the time. However, Job was not distracted by the fear of his ideas and design failing in the market, but went a head to introduce the product in the market and the result was that the audiences’ attention was captured. Therefore, this has led to Steve Jobs Company being the largest manufacturer of PC, Tablets and Mobiles in the market. Challenges can be quite stressful to any entrepreneur as there is always that fear of failing in your new venture. However, this was not the case

Cyber -Attacks on America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cyber -Attacks on America - Essay Example These include voice communication systems, financial institutions and federal agencies among others. Whereas physical attacks would be carried out by hostile foreign nations and terrorists, cyber-attacks could be executed by a wide array of enemies including organized protest groups, terrorists, foreign states and even teenagers. Additionally, Lee (2013) observes the incapacity to protect all computer networks or cell phones or pagers from attack, especially now that 95% of these gadgets are operated and owned by the private sector. Therefore, America is increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks which grow by breadth and complexity, indicating the need for the country to continuously adopt and re-engineer its protection approaches that would uphold its cybersecurity. Cyber-attack refers to an attack originated from a computer system against another computer system or a website, aimed at altering, stealing or erasing information or have the functionality of the targeted computer system impeded or destroyed (Lee, 2013). A report on cybercrime documented recently by Hewlett-Packard indicates that the number of cyber-attacks have risen by 42% as compared to the year 2012 (Lau & Xia, 2013). Organizations get successfully attacked 102 times weekly with the annualized cost as a result of these cyber-attacks rising to $8.9 million per organization. Furthermore, it was indicated that security breaches by an organization could cost it up to 1% of its market value. Citing the examples of recent attacks on HSBC, the New York Stock Exchange and major commercial banks such as Citi Bank and Bank of America, PricewaterhouseCoopers, PWC (2013) appreciates cyber-attacks as a serious problem in America that needs critical intervention. Types of Cyber Attacks Cyber-attacks could occur in different ways. First, it could occur in form of exploits. As explained by Vatis (2002), this form of attack involves a sequence of commands, chunk of data or piece of software which takes advantag e of software bug to cause unanticipated or unintended reaction by the computer hardware, software or any piece of electronic. It normally includes denial of service, allowing privilege escalation or gaining control of the system. Secondly, the attack could take the form of eavesdropping where the attacker surreptitiously listens to private conversation. This could be done through the monitoring of faint electronic magnetic transmissions which get generated by the hardware. Moreover, attackers have penetrated even the most secure computer systems leveraging on the carelessness of authorized individuals or through deliberate deceit of such individuals. Lee (2013) refers to this as social engineering. Denial of service attacks are a unique approach to cyber-attacks. They are not used to control a system or gain unauthorized access, but rather render the system unusable. This could include multiple deliberate entry of a wrong password to lock the user or overloading the capability of a system or network so as to block it. Finally, direct access to a computer system could lead to the installation of devices that could compromise security, including modification of operating systems. It could also include downloading crucial information from the system (Brenner, 2010). Using this knowledge, cyber attackers have adopted varied approaches to executing

Wooden Post Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wooden Post Ltd - Essay Example Study of the case of ELITE HOTELS GROUP plc was done and the observations are indicated in the criteria for judging the adequacy of the solution. A vision of the WOODPOST LTD after consolidation is also conceived and presented at the end. The paper ends with a conclusion as also indicating the learning outcome. On strategic analysis of the market of WOOD POST LTD, the following three options are offered as viable long term strategies by a business consultancy firm of international reputation, to overcome the slow down of the business due to recent growth in United Kingdom market. For investment purposes, the 'life' of the project is assumed to be 10 years. All the cash flows are expressed in 'real' terms (that is, after allowance for inflation). In view of the relatively risky nature of the project, the Finance Director of WOODEN POST asserted that the 'normal' hurdle rate of 8% 'real' should be increased to 10%. But this has produced some debate among members of the management team some of whom considered that the effective cost of capital was zero since existing cash resources will be used. Quite apart from all these factors, further investigations into the acquisition established that cash

Warner Bros Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Warner Bros - Research Paper Example Although Warner Bros. is presently a highly successful company, it has experienced various difficulties in the past considering that its initiation was never smooth sailing. Being the only company alongside MGM amongst the Big Five to evade financial collapse throughout the Depression, it was adverse to MGM in a number of ways. Whereas MGM had remained deluxe during the Depression, Warners managed to survive through siphoning off approximately one-quarter of its total assets during early 1930s and by establishing a mentality that was ruthlessly cost-efficient, as well as factory-oriented mass-production. That symbolized stretched budgets on all features, a more re-organized studio operation, reduction in contract personnel, together with a highly formulaic, as well as routinized tackling of its films and filmmaking. This resulted in Warners splitting its output almost evenly between the A-class star vehicles and a steady output of B pictures. Warners B picture could not be mistaken f or anything else; furthermore, in most cases, Warners often allocated their mid-range stars such as Ann Sheridan and Humphrey Bogart unto low-budget jobs, thereby promptly suspending them if they attempted to balk (Gino, Simone, Lars, Florian 13). Warners happened to be the only family-run studio amongst the Big Five, with the company president Harry M. Warner who was the elder sibling, perceived as the most cost-conscious amongst the Big Five chief executives. On the other hand, the younger brother, i.e. Jack Warner, managed the studio-factory; while filmmaking operations were under the supervision of two longtime studio executives with Hal B. Wallis overseeing the production of all A-class pictures, whereas Bryan Foy controlled Warners’ B-picture production. Although Wallis turned out to be an able administrator who was certainly competent as a creative executive, he was not as competent as Darryl Zanuck, who was his predecessor at production chief at Warners, who ascended through the screenwriting positions to executive status. Wallis depended on a staff of associate producers, who did not have the capability of receiving screen credit until 1942 yet wielded extensive authority over A-class production at Warners. A number of them notably Henry Blanke, Mark Hellinger, Robert Lord and Jerry Wald were either former directors or writers, thereby getting close involvement in all phases of production. Apart from that, Warners had a staff of competent, effectual directors, such as Michael Curtiz, William Keighley, William Dieterle, Raoul Walsh and Lloyd Bacon. A small number of them had considerable power over particular star genre formulations, for instance Curtiz on the Flynn vehicles and Lloyd Bacon on Cagney’s action pictures (Sandler 34). Warners’ strategy of depending on half-dozen star genre formulas for its A-class pictures started to change in the prewar era due to various reasons. In late 1939, Paul Muni departed from the company so as to seek freelance status thereby letting Edward G. Robinson to be in charge as resident biopic star whereas the studio brass re-evaluated their commitment to the genre. In the meantime, there was the dropping of musical production owing to the defection of Busby Berkeley to MGM. Moreover, Warners responded to the even more competitive market by modifying its formulas, as well as by

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking - Essay Example Performing a critical analysis is not usually easy for an individual because of the abundance and ambiguous status of the facts pertinent to the scenarios that are to be analyzed. Some cases require further scrutiny to uncover unknown details, which are really important thus initial skepticism and open-mindedness are often required in developing good critical thinking. (Bloom's Taxonomy Internet) Take for example a certain job regarding work relation in a specific office. A certain piece of valuable went missing and the whole work community in the office is already chattering blaming a shy and timid employee as the thief who stole the missing valuable. Employing critical thinking would not let someone to hastily judge that employee because of his social diffidence. Instead of inappropriate judgment, analyze first the case at hand and evaluate the details pertinent to it to find clues and information leading to the solution. Failure to practice critical thinking will only lead to inac curate and often wrong conclusion thus neglecting the purpose of the human logical capabilities. Proper judgment requires the critical thinking and analysis of the available information and specific details. It is very important that one must first utilize his or her brain before jumping to any hasty judgment to avoid mistakes and further aggravation of the problem already at hand. Thus, solution and accurate knowledge can only be attained by having critical analysis of the facts leading to the plausible conclusion. Several factors of education explain a person's pattern of learning. The aspects of philosophy of thinking and learning which merely refers to the thought provoking a person to have a yearning for learning usually helps an educator determine the progress of his student with regards to what he is teaching and what his student is able to grasp for learning.(King 3) The following paragraphs shall discuss the mentioned factors of education and shall clarify some points of consideration concerning the principles of learning involved in education. (King 4) Learning involves the utilization of reality. What does the context of reality actually mean Reality as defined refers to the facts that are present in the society. These so-called facts support the existence of several things in the environment. Through the utilization of the realties in educating a person, an educator is supposed to help the student reject the impractical and visionary aspects of learning. Through this matter of teaching, a student is able to see the importance of what is obviously seen and not what is simply imaginary. Gaining knowledge through this way would naturally help a person understand his being and his environment as well based on constructed foundation of belief. Naturally, learning in a perennial way gives an individual the most important knowledge he has to learn from life. His experiences are generated to become sources of practical understanding, which in turn would help him cope up with life's challenges due to the fact that he has learned to face h e said obstacles through his experiential learning. (King 5) One's ability to value what he learns follows the process of learning. His capability of applying the knowledge he has gained is the turning point of his learning and the fact

Catholic Areas of Europe before 1570 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Catholic Areas of Europe before 1570 - Essay Example The process is still viewed by many European observers as favourable.4 Aside from increasing wealth through world trade and bartered products, ties between the Old World and the new world were discovered. They also believed it introduced Christianity. The conquest of the Americas and expansion to the rest of the world were said to have brought about the best as well as the worst of European civilization. Resources were greedily plundered and the natives were brutally repressed and enslaved in attempts to create news institutions and convert the natives to Christianity. In any case, the Europeans had begun to change the face of the world in an effort to export their religion, culture, and language to all corners of the earth.5 "Christianising" brought in wealth for Spain's new colonies in Latin America mainly from silver. In 1545 silver was discovered at Potos, in modern Bolivia. After delivering European goods needed in the colonies, convoys of Spanish caravels would carry back to Sp ain gold and silver together with a 20% share of the Spanish crown.6 But the rise of the Reformation (1517) had inflicted serious wounds on the Church, when so many priests defected.7 II. Religious allegiance Massive campaign to Christianise. Catholic Europe had been confined to one geographical area for almost a thousand years. The Crusades which saw them beyond frontiers had largely failed.8 The religious orders early on, had obtained broad powers in the colonies so that the Franciscans, the Dominicans and the Augustinians carried out a massive campaign to Christianize the natives, especially in New Spain. Lands outside Europe provided a strong attraction, and desire for wealth was the main motivation of the early explorers, though spreading Christianity was also an important factor.9 Mixed motives. All with "God, glory, and gold" as the primary motives of the voyages, several were carried out in the first two decades of the sixteenth century exploring the eastern coasts of both North and South America. Vasco Nuez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer, led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panam, reaching the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 sailed through the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippines, where he was killed by the natives.10 III. Economic Development Beginning a new era. European adventurers like Magellan were hardly aware that they were beginning a new era, not only for Europe but for the peoples of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They marked the beginning of a process leading to radical changes in the political, economic and cultural life of the entire world.11 More wars. The imperial age saw that the population of the lands of the united monarchy amounted to 8,500,000 in the 1590s, a level which was not surpassed for two hundred years. Emigration to the Indies averaged to about 2,000 people a year. The European wars were fought almost entirely outside Spanish soil, and the proportion of European mercenaries in 50,000 to 70,000 troops being maintained by the crown increased steadily, especially in the closing decades of the

American lifestyle Essay Example for Free

American lifestyle Essay In your opinion what are the two most significant characteristics of modernist literature? Use any TWO texts from the course to substantiate and illustrate your argument. In my opinion, the two most significant characteristics of modernist literature are the pessimistic view of modern society or modern doubt, expressed through alienation and fragmentation, and the technique of stream of consciousness. In this essay I will discuss these characteristics and several important texts to illustrate my argument. Gertrude Steins work is a perfect example of fragmentation, or rather in her case, literary cubism. In art, cubism means showing multiple perspectives, taking a form and breaking it down to rebuild it on canvas (analytical cubism) or taking materials to create a sort of collage (synthetic cubism). In modernist literature the same process occurs: people, feelings, locations are fragmented, only bits and pieces are described instead of the whole picture. As Picasso said: I paint objects as I think them, not as I see them. Stein was inspired by modernist artists such as Picasso, and wrote a series of literary portraits, including one on Picasso. She defended the representational nature of Cubism and believed that through the distortion, repetition and altering of a subject one could get a resemblance of human perception. The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a good example of both alienation and fragmentation. Both Prufrock and his world are fragmented. He cannot really connect with the women he sees, the conversations he hears, the city he walks through, or the mermaids he hears. The descriptions of the women he meets are not realistic, but fragmented, the poem never visualizes the woman with whom Prufrock imagines an encounter except in fragments: Arms that are braceleted and white and bare Arms that lie along a table, or wrap about a shawl. But not only the women and his environment are described in fragments, Prufrock himself is growing old, fading in a fragmented way: I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled. / Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach? Even his voice is a fragmentation of voices past and present ( Dante, Shakespeare) that somehow harmonize. The fragmentation in the poem the worries, the interruptions, the repetitions all sum up his relation to the world. The images are used to convey meaning, coherence can be established from the ruins of fragments. Prufrocks thoughts may perhaps move from one to another, but they do so in a way that mimics our thought process. He moves from one doubt to another, and his seemingly random observations are rooted in his past and his insecurities, just like ours are. This poems fragmentation to some extent serves to display Prufrocks indecisive, second-guessing, and pessimistic nature, but it more importantly reflects the fears and uncertainties we all posses. Moreover, Prufrocks question Do I dare//Disturb the universe? mirrors his insecurity and anxiety about his social standing. From the fragmented images provided by Eliot we come away with a coherent analysis of Prufrocks character. He is the typical modern man, and his fragmented and often unsure voice is proof of it. The other issue raised by this poem is the modernist feeling of alienation. Prufrock alienates his emotions from those around him. He is scared to show the real him for fear of being rejected or alone. He cannot connect with people on an emotional level. There will be time, there will be time to prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. In this particular quote Prufrock tells us how he is not himself, but someone people want him to be. Prufrock experiences feelings of exclusion and alienation from the modern world and industrialised society, which becomes clear in his low self-esteem and his inability to form relationships, and makes him worry about what people think of him. He even claims he should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas and feels pinned and wriggling on the wall when people scrutinise him. With the lack of self-confidence, his alienation grows stronger. The quote: Do I dare? is repeated often throughout the poem. He asks himself time after time whether he should be himself or the person other expect him to be. Because of his alienation Prufrock feels unable to act on his desires, since he feels that people will automatically reject him. This can be seen as a reflection of the fast-paced modern American lifestyle, with people feeling trapped and unable to connect with other people and to society. Another example of the alienation evident in modernist literature is Heart of Darkness. Modernist writers often present the world as desolate, and Conrads Heart of Darkness is no exception. As Marlow describes: My isolation amongst all these men with whom I had no point of contact, the oily and languid sea, the uniform sombreness of the coast, seemed to keep me away from the truth of things, within the toil of a mournful and senseless delusion (p.30)

Manchester United SWOT Analysis

Manchester United SWOT Analysis It has been argued that Manchester United is one of the best football clubs in the world, who has more than a hundred years history and lots of funs all over the world. According to Benson (2008), since Manchester United was founded in 1878, it has won many final of league champions in the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League. Same as other successful organization, the Manchester United has a good manage team, effective operation and a very strong financial support. Manchester United is not a Plc. Since it was bought by the Glazer family, it is now a private limited company and became the Manchester United Ltd. This report is going to analysis Manchester United Ltd by applying SWOT and PEST analysis. SWOT Analysis (S)trengths Manchester United has the strongest and most valuable brand of any football club, and arguably non national sports club, in the world (Brand Finance, 2009, p. 19). This allows the company to generate massive revenues from commercial sponsorship deals and the sale of merchandise around the world. This brand strength is reflected in the clubs estimated 330 million fans worldwide, which represents around 5% of the worlds population. The level of loyalty engendered by most football clubs implies that this level of support is unlikely to fade in the short term, with only a prolonged period of underperformance on the field causing Manchester Uniteds brand strength to decline. The companys other main strengths are its strong squad playing squad and large stadium. The playing squad has won the Premier League trophy three years in a row, won the 2008 Champions League, and as of the 16th March 2010 is at the top of the Premier League and in the Champions League quarter finals in spite of losing arguably its best player in Cristiano Ronaldo. This shows the strength of the squad and its ability to move forward and continue to bring success and attract revenue (Samuel, 2010). The clubs stadium, Old Trafford, is the largest club stadium in the country, with a capacity of almost 76,000, allowing the club to generate significant match day revenues from ticket sales and refreshments (Premier League, 2009, p. 27). (W)eaknesses The clubs main weakness is its high level of debt. The club has two main sources of debt:  £507 million of bonds at interest rates of around 9%, incurring interest costs of around  £45 million per year, and  £202 of payment in kind loans, with interest rates of 14.25%, which compound onto the capital value of the loans each year (Ducker and Power, 2010). The  £45 million interest payments on the bonds represent almost 50% of the clubs  £91 million cash profit (BBC Sport, 2010), giving an interest cover ratio of just over 2, which indicates the clubs debts are taking up a significant amount of its profits. Indeed, much of the clubs strengths are arguably being countered by this weakness. In addition to this, Manchester Uniteds status as a football club creates a large potential for its revenue to fluctuate sharply based on its on-pitch performances. For example, in the 2008-09 season Manchester United earned 37.8 million Euros from its participation in the Champions League, when it reached the final (euFootball.biz, 2009). If the club fails to match this achievement in future seasons, its revenues will fall. Due to the difficulties in progressing this far in such a major competition, it becomes difficult for the company to project revenues in the future, potentially causing liquidity problems. (O)pportunities The main future opportunity for the club is its ability to obtain greater revenue from its global fan base. The club currently has 330 million fans, and revenue of 327 million Euros per annum, most of which is probably generated within the UK and Europe, from match day and broadcasting revenues (Deloitte, 2010). If the company can obtain just one extra Euro per fan per year, then it could double its revenues and massively increase its profits. The high level of unexploited fans also allows the club to develop its commercial revenue streams, such as sponsorships and partnerships. A recent example of this was the partnership deal signed with Telekom Malysia (Hashim, 2010). If this deal could be replicated in other attractive markets, Manchester United could see another major growth in revenue. (T)hreats There are two main threats to Manchester United. The first is that the interest rates on the payment in kind loans are high and can rise further in the future. This could cause the company to incur significantly higher debt levels in future. Indeed, if the company fails to pay off any of these loans, then by their maturity date they will be valued at over half a billion pounds, effectively doubling the companys total level of debt (Ducker and Power, 2010). This threat is also strongly linked to fan protests against the current owners and the level of debt (BBC, 2010). Whilst these protests have not yet had a notable impact on the clubs financial situation, if the level of debt becomes a greater burden they may lead to fan boycotts, causing reducing revenues and increasing the threat from debt. The other main threat is the pending retirement of manager Sir Alex Ferguson, who is now 68 (Ferguson, 2000, p. 12). Ferguson has managed United for almost 25 years, and has led them to over 30 trophies in this time (ManUtd.com, 2010). Given the importance of continued on-field success to Manchester Uniteds financial situation, it is clear that the company must put a strong succession plan in place to ensure performances and financial results do not suffer when Ferguson decides to retire. PEST (P)olitical The main political factors affecting Manchester United are the English Football Association and the European and global equivalents: UEFA and FIFA. These bodies are responsible for determining how all football clubs can operate, in terms of transferring and signing players and carrying out their on-pitch activities. For Manchester United, of particular concern are proposals concerning the level of debt that clubs are allowed to carry, and the need to balance their books and break even on their football activities (UEFA, 2010). This is of concern because Manchester Uniteds high level of debt could well cause the club to encounter short term financial difficulties in the near future, which could lead to sanctions from UEFA, further increasing the scale and duration of any financial difficulties. (E)conomic As with any business, Manchester Uniteds revenues are likely to be affected by the prevailing economic conditions. In particular, as watching football matches and following football teams is expensive and not necessary for peoples continued economic wellbeing, one might expect that football clubs such as Manchester United would suffer in periods of economic decline. However, in spite of the major economic recession that recently affected the UK, Manchester United has continued to grow its revenues, which reached record levels last year (BBC Sport, 2010). Indeed, had the pound sterling not fallen significantly against the Euro, Manchester United would have had the highest revenue of any football club in Europe in the year to 30th June 2009 (Deloitte, 2010). This of course reveals another important economic factor for Manchester United to consider: given the pounds current weakness against the Euro, buying players will be more difficult as clubs in the Eurozone will have more purchasin g power on the global transfer markets. (S)ocial The main social factor affecting Manchester United is the continued desire for people to watch football, both as a form of entertainment and as a social activity. Whilst previous periods such as the 1980s were affected by football hooliganism, in recent years football has experienced a boom in social interest, leading to large numbers of people becoming fans. This is of benefit to Manchester United who, with the largest fan base and most valuable brand in the world (Brand Finance, 2009), can expect to obtain the lions share of new fans. (T)echnological The main technological factor affecting Manchester United is the rise in the internet and other broadcasting channels. This allows the company to reach a wider range of fans across a wider range of channels, and hence obtain more money from the various global fans who do not live within range of traditional distribution networks or cannot access match broadcasts on their local television networks. Conclusion To conclude, even though Manchester United Ltd has financial problem with its high level debt, but the strengths of this operation team may help to overcome and to turn it become a new opportunity. It is because, factors such as the long history, capability for wining champion, the loyalty of the football team funs or its famous players all can bring some lovely profit in. However, Manchester United Ltd still needs to treat its problem seriously and face their weakness and threats in a right way, or they would lose the honour which was built in the past.

Relationship Between Molecular Size and Rate of Diffusion

Relationship Between Molecular Size and Rate of Diffusion DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS Minh Thu Vo INTRODUCTION The center of this lab states around the diffusion across a cellular membrane, how exactly materials move and diffuse in concentrations. Both diffusion and osmosis are forms of movement that are part of passive transport dealing with cell membranes. Diffusion is where the solutes move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. Water goes through the cell membranes by diffusion. Osmosis is specifically the movement of water through membranes. Since osmosis and diffusion are both part of passive transport, this means that they do not require energy or pumps. There are different environments created due to diffusion. There are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic environments. Hypotonic is when the solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the water potential. The hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration and lower water potential. In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement and there is an equal concentration of solutes and water (Veno). In our lab, we modeled diffusion and osmosis with a hospital scenario. It is important for a solution to have sugar sucrose in it so the water and solute can be equal to create an isotonic environment. If there wasn’t, there would either be a hypotonic causing the cell to burst, or there would be hypertonic causing the cell to shrink. Purpose of this experience states the relationship between molecular size and the rate of diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane. The osmotis behavior in plant cells and the relationship between the osmolarity of the surrounding solution and this behavior. Each cell type have a unique osmolarity and be able to quantitatively estimate the osmolarity of plant cells experimentally with the use of solution of varying solute concentrations (Lab manual). We created models of living cells by using dialysis tubing. The dialysis tube represented the cell membrane to act as selectively permeable to water and some solutes. Osmosis is a particular kind of diffusion, because the diffusion happens with water molecules moving from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, passing through a selectively permeable membrane. By taking into consideration the movement of two liquids (the iodine and the starch) through a semi-permeable membrane (the dialysis tubing), and bearing in mind the definition of osmosis, we should expect the two substances to mix with each other until the entire content of the test tube appears a homogeneous mix of starch and iodine. However, we know from the background information that starch molecules are very large carbohydrate molecules, and we also know that selectively permeable membranes only guarantee the passage to small or medium molecules; by knowing this additional information, we can state the following hypotheses. If the starch molecules are too large to pass through the selectively permeable membrane (the dialysis tubing), then the iodine (which has small molecules) will expand from the space around the dialysis tubing (point of high concentration), and move through it, going to the inside of the tubing (point of low concentration) until equilibrium is gained; while the starch will not manage to diffuse throughout the test tube, and so will remain inside the tubing and never achieve equilibrium. Instead, if the starch molecules are small enough to pass through the selectively permeable membrane (the dialysis tubing), then the iodine will expand from the space around the dialysis tubing (point of high concentration), and move through it, going to the inside the tubing (point of low concentration) until equilibrium is gained; while the starch will diffuse from inside the tubing (point of high concentration), move through it and diffuse out the test tube (point of low concentration), and so will also achieve equilibrium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Part A: Diffusion of molecules through a selectively permeable membrane Prepare the dialysis bag with the initial solutions of starch and glucose, then tight the bad by rubber band. Pour water into a baker then add several drop of I2KI to have the color light brown. Place the bag of mix solution in the beaker and wait about 30 minutes to remove this bag into another dry beaker. Pour the solution of beaker into a clean tube, add some drop Benedict’s reagent to tube then heat it. 1) iodine entered the bag, because the solution within the dialysis bag changed from a clear color to a blue/black color. We know because the solution within the bag contains starch that the blue/black color is caused by the diffusion of iodine into the bag, which then reacted with the starch present. Glucose diffused out of the bag, an area of high glucose concentration, into the beaker solution, an area of low glucose concentration. We know this because after the experiment was conducted we tested the beaker solution for glucose using Benedict’s solution. This indicates that glucose molecules are small enough to diffuse through the membrane. 2) The movement of iodine resulted from the relative high concentration of it outside the bag compared the solution within the bag. It also occurred because it is small enough to diffuse through the pores in the membrane. The glucose was in higher concentration in the bag compared to outside the bag resulting in it to diffuse through the bag. Glucose was able to diffuse through the bag because it is small enough, but we know the starch didn’t diffuse, even though there was a concentration gradient, because the outside solution after the experiment was conducted didn’t react to iodine. This means the starch was too large for the membrane 3) I would expect the glucose and IKI molecules the diffuse out of the bag as a result of the higher concentration of the two of them inside the bag in relation to the outside of the bag. When the I2KI diffuses out of the bag I would expect it to react with the starch present outside of the bag and turn the solution blue/black. I would also expect the solution outside the bag to react positively to Benedict’s solution at the end of the experiment due to the glucose that diffused into it. The starch is too large to diffuse, so I would expect it not diffuse at all. Part B: Osmotic behavior in cells Prapare a slide of Elodea in sucrose O.5M solution and another slide of Elodea in distilled water. Part C: Estimating the osmolarity of plant cells Add 100mL of each solution in to 7 beakers as following order: DI water, sucrose 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M, 0.5M, 0.6M. Use sharp blade the get 7 sample of potato, weight each sample then transfer to each beaker solution. Incubate them about 1 hour then remove all sample out of beaker, blot them onto paper to dry then weight each sample. The experiment we conducted gave the result that when a potato has contact with a sucrose solution, the cells will start to shrink. We did this by cutting up slices of potato and weighed them and recorded their initial weights. We used deionized water and different concentrations of sucrose. We than placed each potato slice in beakers with their designated solutions. We let them soak and incubate for an hour then we removed them from the beakers. Next we measured their new weights and recorded them. The objective of this experiment is to detect diffusion and osmosis in potato cells in sucrose solutions. Diffusion is the spontaneous spread of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion involving water. The results will either be hypertonic or hypotonic. Hypertonic means that the solution is more salute than water. Hypotonic means less salute and more water. For this lab, we can apply these principles to plant cells. The plant cells have a semi permeable membrane so they can experience osmosis and diffusion as discussed earlier. When it comes to the potato cells, added with sucrose it will experience a reaction changing the form of the cells. The hypothesis of this experiment goes as follows, if we place potato cells in a sucrose solution, then the cells will shrink. They will shrink because when the sucrose is added the water in the potato, where there is high concentration, will move to the outside of the potato where there is low concentration. RESULTS Part A Table 1: Iodine and Benedict’s test Part C Graph molarity of sucrose solution vs % change weight potato DISCUSSION Part A The clolor of beaker change to orange after Benedict’s test that indicate glucose molecule are small enogh to disuse through the membrane. Glucose diffused out of the bag, an are of high glucose concentration into the beaker solution where area of low glucose concentration. 1) iodine entered the bag, because the solution within the dialysis bag changed from a clear color to a blue/black color. We know because the solution within the bag contains starch that the blue/black color is caused by the diffusion of iodine into the bag, which then reacted with the starch present. Glucose diffused out of the bag, an area of high glucose concentration, into the beaker solution, an area of low glucose concentration. We know this because after the experiment was conducted we tested the beaker solution for glucose using Benedict’s solution. This indicates that glucose molecules are small enough to diffuse through the membrane. 2) The movement of iodine resulted from the relative high concentration of it outside the bag compared the solution within the bag. It also occurred because it is small enough to diffuse through the pores in the membrane. The glucose was in higher concentration in the bag compared to outside the bag resulting in it to diffuse through the bag. Glucose was able to diffuse through the bag because it is small enough, but we know the starch didn’t diffuse, even though there was a concentration gradient, because the outside solution after the experiment was conducted didn’t react to iodine. This means the starch was too large for the membrane 3) I would expect the glucose and IKI molecules the diffuse out of the bag as a result of the higher concentration of the two of them inside the bag in relation to the outside of the bag. When the I2KI diffuses out of the bag I would expect it to react with the starch present outside of the bag and turn the solution blue/black. I would also expect the solution outside the bag to react positively to Benedict’s solution at the end of the experiment due to the glucose that diffused into it. The starch is too large to diffuse, so I would expect it not diffuse at all. Part B Base on predictions and observation, 0.5M sucrose is hypertonic solution and distilled water is hypotonic solution. Sucrose has the greatest osmolarity. I expect pond water would be hypertonic because it contains compound that make expand to the cell wall (dangerous for cell), in fact pond water is a hypotonic. Part C Base on graph, at sucrose molarity 0.2M is the curve cross the zero change line. This information can be used to determine the osmolarity of the potato tissue. Sucrose 0.2M make no change weight potato that means the natural potato sucrose molarity at 0.2M. If solution has higher molarity than potato, it loses weight because water move out of cell. In contast, the solution is lower molarity then it gains weight and water move into the cell. Thus I can estimate the osmolarity of the potato tuber tissue is sucrose 0.2M. From the results taken, the more concentrated solutions of sugar seemed to draw the water towards it. This supports my hypothesis and also shows that sugar is also a hypertonic solution since it is were there was more water brought into the solution than outside of it. This could be applied in the real world with people who suffer from dehydration. By raising the sugar level in their body, they are more likely to take in more water into their cells. One thing that could be tried in future experiments could be to add additional types of solutions to the experiment that would simulate more of the human internal cell system. By adding more substances, the chances of seeing how osmosis truly works in the body can be seen that could prove useful for medical purposes (Towle). REFERENCES CSULA, lab manual Biol 100b, 2015 â€Å"Plasma Membrane† Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 2009. 8th Nov. 2009. Towle, Albert, Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., Orlando, Fl, 1993. Veno, Barbara, slides and take notes biol 100b

CHINA TAIWAN :: essays research papers

Taiwan opposition leader James Soong urged the island's independence-leaning leaders to take advantage of his "bridge-building" trip to mainland China to seek cross-strait peace. "People from both sides of the strait are longing for peace ... Mainland leaders have also showed sincerity in improving cross-strait relations," Soong told reporters at the airport upon return from his nine-day visit to China. He added Friday that China had announced a number of concrete steps to boost bilateral ties, including a promise to push for direct air links in 2006. "Peace is in our own hands," said Soong, chairman of the People First Party. Pushing for independence for Taiwan, he warned, could destroy peace prospects. China sees Taiwan as part of its territory awaiting eventual reunification since they split at the end of the civil war in 1949 and has regularly threatened to invade if the island moves towards formal independence. Soong also said Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian had "promised not to promote independence through constitutional amendments". He was referring to Saturday's elections, in which voters were to elect a 300-member National Assembly to decide on a package of constitutional reforms, including whether referenda could be used to amend the constitution. Beijing has opposed referenda, which it sees as a step Taiwan could take toward declaring formal independence. Saturday's poll is seen as a litmus test of support for the island's independence-minded leaders and the opposition, who favour closer ties with China, following recent visits there by two opposition leaders. Soong's trip followed the historic visit to China by Lien Chan, chairman of the main opposition Kuomintang party. Both Lien and Soong said their trips were meant to bridge differences between the two rival governments and pave the way for peace talks. Beijing also agreed to simplify visa application procedures for Taiwanese and to offer incentives to Taiwanese studying on the mainland, according to a joint statement released after Soong's talks with China's Hu Jintao. Hu and Soong also pledged to push for cross-strait peace talks under a "two sides, one China" principle and oppose independence for Taiwan. President Chen, who stresses Taiwan's independence and sovereignty, immediately rejected the peace overture. "Should we accept the 'one-China principle', Taiwan would be Hong Kong-ized and become part of the People's Republic of China, a scenario which is by no means acceptable to the 23 million people in Taiwan," Chen said Thursday.

Essay --

Over the last 30 years, videos games have become very desirable for people of all ages, genders, and race. With the rapid growth of technology these games have become very life like and some seem as if your actually there in person. The rapid growth has made the video industry into a multi-billon dollar industry and this has created much controversy among the people because the games are becoming very realistic, but also more violent. Since the creation of violent video games there have been constant disputes to whether these games will increase violence in the player. Nevertheless, there have been researches done to try and understand the correlation between video games and violence. These researches haven’t only showed that the violent games don’t transfer violence to the players, but they actually help players. With the rise of technology people have begin to drift away from connecting in person and have adapt to this change by speaking or communicating threw something electronics. With games like call of duty and many others, players are able to communicate with many others, th...

Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barber Shops Critique

Brad Weiss’s ethnographic research on popular culture, hanging out in barbershops and bus stands, seamstress tables and video halls, was carried out in the northern Tanzanian city of Arusha. In â€Å"Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barber Shops† Weiss does a great job observing the everyday life of the people in Arusha. He explores how globalization and neoliberalism affect the mindset of a community and shows the reader how gender role, media, and self-fashioning can play a big role in a person life. Weiss’s fieldwork and observation is very accurate and informative for the most part but looses the reader in some of the topics that he presents. Brad Weiss does a great job in his chapter on gender and the role that it plays in the community of Arusha. Much of the book has been focused on the expressions of masculinity and the understandings of men that are concerned with gendered personhood, many young men in Arusha comprehend themselves and their relationships with one another in terms of what they imagine women and femininity to be like. But Weiss takes a chapter to turn to women’s practices to show how the cultural process of perception and embodiment allude to the iconography of western culture. Weiss revealed to the reader that women like to keep up with the times in Arusha just like men and they are very conscious about their look and the way they present themselves. Men use magazines and catalogues to keep up with the latest trends but women are one step ahead and use commercials and movies to stay updated. Weiss’s observation was very informative and accurate. This observation proves that globalization can influence people all around the world and have a big effect on a society. Weiss regularly shows the importance of globalization in his writing. His observation on the youth of Arusha was very precise and shows the reader how globalization and neoliberalism can shape a persons life immensely. Weiss tells the reader that through hip hop posters and magazines the younger generation of Arusha use it as a guide for fashion, music and lifestyle. This illustrates how the themes of inclusion and exclusion that shape popular practice-from the assertive modes gendered performances at bus stands and hair salons, to the fashion sense of tailors and their clients, to the viewing preferences of video audiences-operate in Arusha. He explains to the reader that the young men and women of Arusha are social actors who try to find a niche and struggle to participate in a world that is significant for them. I strongly agree with Weiss’s point and believe that every young person in any society are social actors who try to fit in a world that they feel is right for them and use popular culture and globalization as a tool to get there. Brad Weiss does a great job showing the reader that barbershops around Tanzania are more than just a place for getting a haircut. He explains to the reader in great detail that the people of Tanzania see barbershops as a place for obtaining news, catching up on the latest trends, gossip, discovering new music, or just simply hanging out. Barbershops provide men with a â€Å"chance†, an â€Å"opportunity† or a â€Å"place† during times of uncertainty. Weiss spends most of his time at barbershops because it is a great place for studying popular culture and allows him to see what the clients at these barber shops find interesting. There were some things that I found problematic in Weiss’s writing that can turn off some readers. Some parts of the book he tends to over analyze and bore the reader with useless facts. I found myself being turned off during some parts of the book where he begins to ramble on and on. In the introduction chapter he doesn't do a good job of catching the readers attention and takes a long time to get to his point. His writing sometimes ends up being very difficult to read and enjoy at the same time and I found some chapters extremely tedious. Weiss’s writing style can be very uninteresting and dull in the beginning of the book but he later compensates by providing interesting topics and arguments. One thing I really like about Weiss’s writing is that he interacts with the people of Tanzania and takes time to show the reader their story and what they go through in his writing. In one chapter he tells the story of two barbers named Hussein and Ahmed who cut hair at the â€Å"Bad Boyz† barbershop. He provides an ethnographic backdrop to the kinds of activities that go on in the shops and streets. This helps the reader better understand the thought process of the people that Weiss comes across and what they go through on a daily basis. It also gives the reader a different perspective on the effects of neoliberalism and globalization through the eyes of the people in Tanzania. Throughout the book Brad Weiss provides the reader with good background information about the people he observes and tells the reader their story. I find it very useful that he takes time in his writing to make sure the reader understands exactly what is going on instead of just presenting his observations. I was very impressed by how accurate Brad Weiss’s observations were about barbershops and the people that go there in Tanzania. I believe in third world countries barbershops serve as a place for great social activity and exposure to the western culture, people rely on barbershops keep up with the times. When I visited Bangladesh couple summers ago I noticed that most people who go to barbershops go there to socialize and keep up with the latest trends that are coming from the west instead of actually getting a haircut. Just like in Weiss’s writing about the people in Tanzania, Bangladeshi barbershops also have cut posters from magazines decorated around the shop of musicians and athletes and share many of the same characteristics. Overall I found â€Å"Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barbershops† very informative. For the most part I enjoyed reading about the topics and arguments Brad Weiss presented in his work. He did a good job informing the readers about the norms of the Tanzanian society and had a lot of interesting observations. I believe in his writing he had more strengths than weaknesses. Even though some chapters were dull and hard to read Weiss provides interesting information to the reader make up for his flaws. I learned from this book that globalization can integrate societies from all around the world more easily than I previously thought. Exposure to things like food, music, movies and fashion can have a great effect on a group of people from country that doesn't have much culture. Globalization is like a ripple effect that can change the thought process and way of life of an individual and â€Å"Street Dream and Hip Hop Barbershops† did a good job showing that effect.

Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts Essay

There are two many types of contracts in the world of business: Bilateral contracts and Unilateral contracts are two of them. Each type with its special form and rules. In the world of business, a bilateral contract† is one where both parties are to perform their promises or obligations at some future time but not necessarily at the same time†. And a unilateral contract â€Å"is one where one of the parties performs his promises at the time of making the contract and the other party promises to perform in the future† (Contracts, 2006). Which one is more common in the world of business? There are some reasons that make the bilateral contracts more common than the unilateral contracts in the world of business. Bilateral contracts have something called â€Å"mutuality of undertaking† which means each party of the contract has the same level of commitment. But in unilateral contracts there is only one party who undertakes the contract (offeror), and he will never pay the other (the offeree) party until he complete the commitment ,and he (the offeree) is not obligated to do it (Contracts, 2006). Under what circumstances would someone prefer one or the other? What really determines which type of contract to use is the type of business: 1. Bilateral contracts: A Bilateral contract is the perfect choice in trading processes. For example, if John (the offeror) offers to pay $20,000 for Jack (the offeree) if Jack gives John his car, then this is a bilateral contract (Contracts, 2006). 2. Unilateral contracts: It is the suitable choice in any business depends on offering from one side, and it is up to the other party to agree or disagree. For example, â€Å"An insurance contract is a unilateral contract because only the insurer has made a promise of future performance and only the insurer can be charged with breach of contract† (Unilateral Contract, 2006). Offering a â€Å"reward† to anyone helps arresting a criminal is also an example of unilateral contract (unilateral contract). What are the advantages of each type for the offeror? 1. Bilateral contracts: For the offeror, the advantage that he gets using this type of contracts is that he guarantees that the other party in the contract will do his duties in the contracts. And the reason for that is that this contract is an exclusive contract between two parties, and the contracts includes â€Å"mutual contractual obligation† (Contracts, 2006). 2. Unilateral contracts: The nature of this type of contracts gives the offeror an advantage by giving him many opportunities to make contracts. And that’s because this type of offers is like an invitation for any party who is willing to make a contract. What are the advantages of each type for the offeree? 1. Bilateral contracts: The offeree guarantees that the offeror will not break the rules of the contract, and he will get his rights. Both parties have the same position in the contract. The offeror and the offeree have the same level of obligation because of the â€Å"mutual contractual obligation† (Contracts, 2006). 2. Unilateral contracts: This type of contracts includes certain conditions, and the offeree enters the contract only if he is agree with it and able to do his duties. This contract guarantees the offree’s rights because if the offeree did his part of the contract, the offeror is enforced by the law to pay the offeree. The offeror doesn’t have the authority of â€Å"obligating the second party to perform† (Unilateral Contract, 2008). Conclusion Two different types of contracts with two different natures. A combination of obligation and freedom in every type. In bilateral contracts, there is a complete level of obligation between the offeror and the offeree. In unilateral contracts, it is not the same level of obligation, there is a high level of obligation if the offeree did his duties (Unilateral Contract, 2008). References Bilateral Versus Unilateral Contracts. (2006). Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www. echeat. com/essay. php? t=30968 Unilateral Contract. (2008). Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www. answers. com/topic/unilateral-contract-3 unilateral contract. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 4, 2008, from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/unilateral-contract. html

Earth Science Essay

– Discuss stellar evolution (describing each stage in brief). What forces are opposing one another throughout the life of a star and how do they influence the various stages in the life cycle of a star Stellar evolution stars exist because of gravity. The two opposing forces in a star are gravity (contracts) and thermal nuclear energy (expands). Stage 1 Birth is where gravity contracts the cloud and the temperature rises, becoming a protostar. Protostars are a hypothetical cloud of dust and atoms in space which are believed to develop into a star. Astronomers are fairly certain of their existence. Protostars are formed about a million years after a gas clump from an interstellar gas cloud has started to rotate and from a disk. The protostar is simply the core of the disk that formed from the clump of gas that was compressed inside the gas cloud. The star becomes a stable main-sequence star, which are characterized by the source of their energy. They are all undergoing fusion of hydrogen into helium within their cores. The rate at which they do this and the amount of fuel available depends upon the mass of the star. Mass is the key factor in determining the lifespan of a main sequence star, its size and its luminosity. Stars on the main sequence also appear to be unchanging for long periods of time. Any model of such stars must be able to account for their stability. Ninety percent of a stars life is in the main-sequence. A red giant is a luminous giant star of low intermediate mass that is in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius immense and the surface temperature low, somewhere from 5,000 K and lower. The appearance of the red giant is from yellow orange to red, including the spectral types K and M, but also class S stars and most carbon stars. The burnout and death final stage of a star depends on its mass. After a low mass star like the Sun exhausts the supply of hydrogen in its core, there is no longer any source of heat to support the core against gravity. Hydrogen burning continues in a shell around the core and the star evolves into a red giant. When the Sun becomes a red giant, its atmosphere will envelope the Earth and our planet may be consumed in a fiery death. Meanwhile, the core of the star collapses under gravity’s pull until it reaches a high enough density to start burning helium to carbon. The helium burning phase will last about 100 million years, until the helium is exhausted in the core and  the star becomes a red supergiant. At this stage, the Sun will have an outer envelope extending out towards Jupiter. During this brief phase of its existence, which lasts only a few tens of thousands of years, the Sun will lose mass in a powerful wind. Eventually, the Sun will lose all of the mass in its envelope and leave behind a hot core of carbon embedded in a nebula of expelled gas. Radiation from this hot core will ionize the nebula, producing a striking â€Å"planetary nebula†, much like the nebulae seen around the remnants of other stars. The carbon core will eventually cool and become a white dwarf, the dense dim remnant of a once bright star. Reference Lutgens, F. K. & Tarbuck, E. J. (2011). Foundations of earth science (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall ES 1010, Unit 8, Question 12 – How do we calculate or determine the distances to stars? What units do we use and what are the limitations (if any) of the method used for such calculations? Measuring distance to stars has been considered a very difficult task. Stellar parallax is a method used to determine distance, the extremely back and forth shifting in a nearby star’s apparent position due to the orbiting motion of earth. The farther away a star is, the less its parallax. The light year is a unit used to express stellar distance, which is the distance light travels in a year, which is approximately 9.5 trillion kilometers (5.8 trillion miles). The parallax angles are very small. Proxima Centauri is the parallax angle nearest to the star. It is less than one second or arc, which equals 1/3600 of a degree. A human finger is roughly 1 degree wide. The distances to stars are so large that conventional units such as kilometers or astronomical units are often too cumbersome to use. Some limitations are that parallax angles of less than 0.001 arcsec are very difficult to measure from Earth because of the effects on the Earth’s atmosphere. This limits Earth based telescopes to measuring the distances to stars about 10.01 or 100 parsecs away. Spaced based telescopes can get accuracy to 0.001, which has increased the number of stars whose distance could be measured with this method. However, most stars even in our own galaxy are much further away than 1000 parsecs, since  the Milky Way is about 30,000 parsecs across. Reference Lutgens, F. K. & Tarbuck, E. J. (2011). Foundations of earth science (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall

Bush Negroes

Columbus’ discovery of the New World in the late 15th century led to the establishment of colonies by European powers in that area. Eventually, the introduction of sugar in the Mid-17th Century gave rise to what would be known as the Sugar Revolution. A massive influx of slaves from Africa was seen during this period, as sugar required a substantial labour force.However, with hundreds and thousands of slaves being imported and only a few thousand whites to match them, the use of repressive measures through legal, psychological, cultural and physical means to control the slaves’ movement and to keep them on the plantation was of utmost importance in order to make up for this deficit. The horrors of slavery were so great that, even though they risked severe punishment, some slaves attempted to flee from their plantations. In fact, entire communities were established by runaway slaves in British Guiana and Jamaica.Moreover, these slaves, known as the Bush Negroes of Surina m and the Maroons of Jamaica, were able to survive despite the efforts of the Europeans to bring them back under their control. These two groups shared many similarities as well as differences, whether it both communities fighting with and making treaties with the Europeans or the fact that they defended their settlements differently. Also, they were differences between the social and political structure of these two settlements.To start with, both settlements fought with and made treaties with the Europeans. Also, both of these treaties were broken at some point in time. With the Maroons, two wars took place, the first after which the British Government in Jamaica came to an agreement with them. This treaty gave the Maroons freedom and possession of all the lands lying between Trelawney Town and Cockpit Country. In return, the Maroons’ promised not to attack white planters, help return all runaway slaves and assist the Government against external enemies or internal revolt.T he second war came about in 1795 as the Maroons felt they were being mistreated under the treaty that ended the first war. Eventually, the Maroons surrendered to end the war. The Maroon  leaders and Major-General George Walpole established that the  Maroons  would beg on their knees for the King's forgiveness, return all runaway slaves, and be relocated elsewhere in Jamaica. On the other hand, The Bush Negroes of Surinam made a treaty with the Dutch that granted them reedom and the right to occupy the interior, in exchange for them not stirring up slave revolts or raiding plantations. The Bush Negroes complied for thirty years, but eventually they resumed their raids on the European plantations. Despite their similarities, however, the settlements of the Bush Negroes of Surinam and the Maroons of Jamaica were different in many aspects, especially in terms of how they were defended. The Bush Negroes lived in circular clearings, with their dwellings being in the centre and their crops surrounding them.Their settlements were built in such a way that the lowest growing crops were closest to their dwellings and their highest being at the circle’s exterior. This was done for cover as well as food. More permanent settlements were surrounded by a â€Å"moat† (a deep, wide ditch surrounding a castle, fort or ton that is usually filled with water). The thick forest of the interior was perhaps the greatest protection that the Bush Negroes had, as it could only be penetrated by the use of rivers which, further into the interior, had rapids.The Maroon Settlements, like those of the Bush Negroes, were constructed with security foremost. The Maroons lived in the mountains, with the lower levels being more easily accessible and the upper levels more inaccessible. Few, if any British soldiers reached the upper levels of Maroon settlements. However, the Maroons also developed camouflage and ambush techniques in order to defend their settlements. For example, â€Å"bushing up† was a commonly used method of camouflage, as it would make them impossible to spot against the trees and plants that surrounded them.The Maroons would also bathe in a mountain stream, scrubbing their bodies with the leaves of a certain plant that gave them a fresh lemon scent. Then they would lie in wait in the brush that emitted the same odour, which would camouflage their scent. Additionally, there were differences in the political structures of these two settlements, as exemplified by the fact that the Bush Negro settlements were more politically and socially structured than those of the Maroons. The Bush Negroes were organised under leaders in a quasi-military (i. e. aving some resemblance to the military) life, with the lowest ranks performing the jobs that required little or no skill, such as subsistence (i. e. to maintain or support with provisions) and plundering the plantations on a nightly basis. On Maroon settlements, however, political and socia l structures such as these were non-existent. In conclusion, The Bush Negroes of Surinam and The Maroons of Jamaica were communities that consisted of slaves who, after enduring the horrors of slavery, took the risk of fleeing their plantations and established free communities.These two groups shared many similarities and differences, whether it was in their battles and treaties with the Europeans or the way in which they protected their settlements The focus of this extract was to show the similarities and differences between two settlements that consisted of slaves from who fled their plantations to escape the horrors of slavery, even though they risked severe punishment while doing so. From their battles and treaties with the Europeans to the way in which they protected their settlements and their political and social structures, these two groups were very similar, and at the same time, different.

A Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current Essay - 1

A Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current interest to Wall Street Journal readers - Essay Example a Questions & Answers session with Josh Zumbrun and Brian Baskin published on the Wall Street Journal (n.pag.), the two economics correspondents highlighted the implications of a reduction in world oil prices. It is true that a reduction in oil prices will increase GDP, create more jobs and reduce consumer prices however the long-term implications can sabotage technological development in the shale oil exploration, oil extraction and petroleum production projects. Most oil projects are large-scale developmental projects that require huge funding but a reduction in oil prices will make them less feasible. Investments in the oil sector will reduce and this will threaten the production of fuel which is a highly sought-after product for the industries. There are other psychological implications to the oil price reduction. Firstly, lower prices will stimulate a behavior of greater consumption which will increase consumer spending. Secondly, the sense that gas prices are low, consumers will not find an incentive to switch to more fuel efficient cars. As a result, investment in fuel efficient cars will decline making the production of fuel efficient cars unprofitable. Another impact would be that people will start to spend greater amounts on fuel and burn more fuel. The drop in prices will thus be adjusted by greater consumption of fuel and this will increase the overall demand. Considering the long term implications of the drop in fuel prices, there is a need for the government to regulate oil prices since oil is an important commodity. A price floor should be implemented below which the price of oil should not be allowed to fall (Mankiw, 117). This will help mitigate the impact of falling oil prices on consumer spending, greater fuel demand, and reduced investment in oil projects. In the long run this will enable healthy investments in fuel efficient cars as well as oil production projects so that they ensure ample oil supply that powers industries and fuel efficient

Innovation In the Emerging Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation In the Emerging Markets - Essay Example In short, it’s just something fancy that can suit the taste of some people. In the case of MAC 400, innovation even meant a lower price tag since it sells for a third of a price of a conventional ECG as reported in an article in the Economist last 2010. Indeed, continuous innovation would certainly usher better medical products that are even handy and provide quick diagnosis of a medical condition. Doctors can go to remote places and attend to indigent patients who need an MRI using MAC 400. Although big companies are creating more innovative products to suit customer’s needs based on marketing research, a newer form of innovation has been shaped for the past few years. This innovation is a far cry from complex systems that sell for thousands of dollars; rather, the new trend in innovation is geared towards addressing basic concerns of humanity such as potable drinking water. This type of innovation is known as† reverse innovation â€Å"or† frugal innovatio n†. The World Health Organization’s Millennium Development Goals for 2015 included providing potable drinking water to 884 million people who still depend on unsafe water sources for their drinking, cooking and sanitation.

Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Questions - Coursework Example The chief executive is also required to remain respectful even if a team player makes a mistake. Mutual respect will further strengthen the team spirit and a collaborative team effort will lead to organizational success. c. A lie may be legitimate deviation if it used temporarily as a tool to find out the truth behind an occurrence, or to persuade a witness to reveal the identification of a criminal or it may be used to investigate and surface the hidden realities otherwise deviant police lie will be considered illegitimate. An exaggerated promise of favoring criminal to let him speak truth is a legal deviant police lie where as a same treatment with an innocent citizen would be illegitimate. The discretionary powers of a prosecutor do not preclude a fair and equitable dispensation of justice because prosecutors are given these discretionary powers to take into account the circumstances under which the crime was

Organisation of the body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisation of the body - Essay Example It has several functions, including; the control of DNA replication and gene expression, prevention of damage to DNA, enhancing mitosis by strengthening DNA, and packaging DNA strands to fit in nucleus (Lloyd & Beck, 2012: p27). This entails a network of membranes or tubes that connect the cellular membrane to the nuclear envelope. Involved in the metabolism of steroids and carbohydrates, synthesis of steroids and lipids, and receptor attachment on proteins of the cell membrane (Lloyd & Beck, 2012: p41). This is an endoplasmic reticulum studded on the outer surface with attached ribosomes, compared to SER that have none. These ribosomes manufacture proteins and deposit them in the lumen of the RER, after which they are transported as vesicles to the Golgi complex (Lloyd & Beck, 2012: p41). A stack of flattened compartments or sacs that receive proteins from the RER, which is crucial in the transport and modification of proteins. It is involved in the modification, packaging, and export of proteins to other cell organelles, such as the mitochondria, or for secretion by the cell (Lloyd & Beck, 2012: p43). They are tail-like projections found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and protrude from their cell body. They are longer than cilia, but fewer in number, and their major function is locomotion through whip-like movements that propel the cell through liquid matter (Lloyd & Beck, 2012: p32). These are peanut-shaped organelles with double membranes, whereby the inner membrane is folded to form cristae. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs here, as well as the breakdown of sugar molecules for production of energy in the form of ATP (Lloyd & Beck, 2012: p19). This is a large, oval organelle, which has at least one nucleolus and contains DNA. It also holds the cell’s hereditary material. Its main function is to control the activities of the cell, particularly with regards to reproduction,

Review the pages provided then answer the 5-Questions. (Read Essay

Review the pages provided then answer the 5-Questions. (Read fulldirections) - Essay Example B. On the other hand, when it comes to the trip to Cancun, again those with more disposable income may have the motivation to purchase the trip. Older people with disposable incomes, middle-aged empty nesters both married and single, and young people with no kids all may have the motivation and may probably purchase the trip. In terms of the Household Life cycle therefore, both the young and those who are older, who have empty nests, those who are married, and those who are single all have the motivation, and are the likely customers for the trip to Cancun (â€Å"The American Society: Families and Households† 190). C. Breakfast bars are the probable purchase of young people across all groupings in the household life cycle, from singles to single parents, to married people with and without kids, because of the way the breakfast bars signify movement and convenience, as well as price consciousness and easy availability, whereas older people and middle-aged people may have different food preferences for breakfast. The latter groups in the household life cycle may prefer cooked breakfast food, either cooked at home or in restaurants and even fast food outlets, having more money for breakfast and in the case of older people more time and a greater concern for health and nutrition in food (â€Å"The American Society: Families and Households† 190). A. The most relevant reference groups for the brand of toothpaste is arguably parents across the different HLC groups, from young single parents, to full nest parents, to delayed full nest parents, because of the way these groups make the purchase decisions for household items for the rest of the family. This reference group is also the appropriate target for marketing and advertising campaigns for toothpastes, even when the toothpaste caters to younger people in terms of its product attributes and in terms of the other elements of the marketing