Training & Development Proposal

Industry Development Programme – Introduction to Broadcast Technology VENUE Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Telecommunication, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor. 5th to 7th November 2012 A collaboration programme between SKMM Academy, Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia and Wireless Communication Centre (WCC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Overview of the program The Introduction to Broadcast Technology training is conducted over a period of 3 days and delivered by Academics. The programme will be held at the Wireless Communication Centre of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in Skudai Johor.The course is designed by academics and SKMM regulators with extensive knowledge in spectrum management. The programme looks at the development of the broadcasting systems and services (in Malaysia – options). It covers both analog to digital broadcasting standards. Specifically, it describes in detail, television, radio (sound), and satellite broadcasting . The programme begins with an overview of broadcasting services followed by the academic definition of broadcast channels. It covers topics such as the broadcasting transceiver structures, modulations and standards.The concept of satellite TV and radio broadcasting will also be presented. The information of digital dividend will be the draw attention to of the three days programme, where the values of digital dividend for the emerging technologies are discussed and explained. At the end of the programme, a dialogue is performed on the issues of digital dividend in Malaysia in order to exchange views between participants and facilitators. Objective To ensure at the end of the programme, all participants should be able to: * Comprehend the concept of analog and digital broadcasting services. Make different between broadcasting standards, i. e. Radio, TV, and Satellite. * Express knowledge of broadcast channels from the perspective of information theory. * Give details the concept of the digital dividend. Audiences The course caters to the needs of those working within the broadcast sectors with a concern in the future improvement in terrestrial broadcasting. Participation evaluation At the end of the programme, all participants will be tested on their understanding of broadcast technology and concept of the digital dividend.Thereby, a certificate will be awarded to those participants that successfully pass the examination. Trainers (Instructors` Biodata) Dr. Norhudah Seman received her B. Eng. in Electrical Engineering (Telecommunications) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2003 and M. Eng. in RF/Microwave Communications from The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland Australia in 2005. In September 2009, she completed her PhD at the same university. She previously worked as an engineer with Motorola Technology, Penang Malaysia in 2003 where she was involved with RF and microwave components design and testing.She is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of WCC, UTM 8th to 10th October 2012 Electrical Engineering UTM and an academic staff member of Wireless Communication Centre (WCC). She has published two book chapters in a book entitled â€Å"Microwave and Millimetre Wave Technologies† and written about 16 technical articles of international journals and conference papers. Her research interests concern the design of microwave circuits for biomedical and industrial applications, UWB technologies and mobile communications. She may be contacted at [email  protected] utm. myDr. Marwan Hadri Azmi received his B. Eng. in Electrical Engineering (Telecommunications) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2003 and M. SC. Degree in Communications and Signal Processing from Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London in 2005 and the Ph. D degree from the University of New South Wales, Australia in 2012. He is currently a lecturer in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. His research inte rests include communication, information and coding theory focusing on cooperative communications and LPDC coding.He may be contacted at [email  protected] utm. my Programme Agenda DAY 1| Time| | Module/Activity| 8. 30am – 9. 00am| | Registration| 9. 00am – 9. 20am| | Opening Address| 9. 20am – 9. 30am| | Group Photo Session| 9. 30am – 10. 30am| | Topic 1: Introduction to Broadcasting Services| 10. 30am – 11. 00am| | Tea Break| 11. 00am – 1. 00pm| | Topic 2 – Broadcast Channel from The Point of View of Information Theory. | 1. 00pm – 2. 00pm| | Lunch| 2. 00pm – 3. 30pm| | Topic 3 – Analog Broadcasting – Radio| 3. 30pm – 4. 00pm| | Tea Break| 4. 00pm – 5. 0pm| | Topic 4 – Analog Broadcasting – TV| DAY 2| Time | | Module/Activity | | | | 8. 30am – 10. 30am | | Topic 5 – Digital Broadcasting | 10. 30am – 11. 00am | | Tea Break | 11. 00am – 1. 00pm | | T opic 6 – Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) | 1. 00pm – 2. 00pm | | Lunch Break | 2. 00pm – 3. 30pm | | Topic 7 – Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) | 3. 30pm – 4. 00pm | | Tea Break | 4. 00pm – 5. 30pm | | Topic 8 – Satellite Broadcasting | DAY 3| Time | | Module/Activity | | | | 8. 30am – 10. 30am | | Topic 9 – Digital Dividend | 0. 30am – 11. 00am | | Tea Break | 11. 00am – 1. 00pm | | Topic 10 – Issues in Digital Dividend | 1. 00pm – 2. 00pm | | Lunch Break | 2. 00pm – 3. 30pm | | Topic 11 – Written exam and closing ceremony | 3. 30pm – 4. 00pm | | Tea | Training methods There are lots of training methods to be used in this training program which could enhance the interest and cooperation of the participants which will be more effective instead of using old training materials like one way communication that not really function to the purpose of the progra m.Below are the training methods that will be used in this training program which includes: * Card games * Survey * Pre workshop questionnaire * Focus group * Conceptual input * Teamwork and presentations Registration Form Course Title:| | Introduction to Broadcast Technology| Dates:| | 5th to 7th November 2012| Venue:| | Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Telecommunication, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai. | Fees*:| | RM300/-| *Fees do not include accommodation and travelling expenses and these are to be borne by participants.Delegate Details Name of Participant | Designation and Department | Organisation and Address | | | | Email Address | Direct Line | Mobile Number | | | | | Signature and Company stamp | | Date | The closing date for registration has been extended to 3. 00 pm 12th October 2012. For any queries please contact us at the address below, send an email to skmm. [email  protected] gov. my or call any of the following numbers: Azhar Zin | +60 (3) 8688 816 2 | Gayathiri | +60 (3) 8688 8394 | | | | |

Faces of Aids: Gender Inequality and Hiv/Aids

Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 1 Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which eventually develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating disease that has reached pandemic levels, affecting all populations worldwide. Since the first reported case of HIV/AIDS in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has become one of the leading causes of mortality across the globe in the history of mankind (U. S.Global Health Policy [USGHP], 2010). While HIV/AIDS has contributed significantly to the global burden of disease; amongst those living with HIV/AIDS, it has had devastating impacts on women and girls. Amid 40 million people living with HIVAIDS globally, virtually half of them are women (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005). In addition, new infection rates have been escalating dramatically worldwide, with most centralized in developing countries (The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS [GCWA], n. d. ).In su b-Saharan Africa, women account for almost 60% of all infected adults, while girls account for approximately 75% of all infected young people between ages of 15 and 24 (Brijnath, 2007; Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005). In developing countries such as sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of women infected with HIV/AIDS is also on the rise, for every ten men infected with HIV/AIDS, 13 women are diagnosed HIV-positive (Brijnath, 2007). In developed countries such as United States, the incidence of HIV/AIDS had increased by 15% compared with 1% that of men from 1999 to 2003 (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005).These alarming statistics imply an ominous future for women and girls affected by the disease – feminization of HIV/AIDS. This paper will highlight the burden of disease implications on gender inequality in developing nations. Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 2 Feminization of HIV/AIDS When HIV/AIDS cases were first reported, it was viewed that HIV/AIDS was a disease a mongst homosexual men, and the main modes of transmission were through men who have sex with men (MSM).Presently, however, 80% of infections were contracted through heterosexual sex while 19% were through drug injections (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005). It is evident that women and girls are bearing a hefty portion of the burden of HIV/AIDS. Women and girls are socially, physically, and biologically more vulnerable to HIV/AIDs transmissions and stigma associated with the disease. On the societal level, women in developing countries are perceived as being inferior, which is the root cause of gender profiling and stigma towards this group (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005).The society have set the stage for women and girls to be more susceptible to means for HIV/AIDS transmission; furthermore infringing on their freedom of choice. Due to cultural structure and gender norms, women and girls are deprived of education, thus they grow to be economically dependent on men. This limits their autonomy to re fuse sexual liaisons with their intimate partner. For instance, the practice of safe sex through condom usage is mainly the males’ choices, while women have restricted negotiation power (Mulligan, 2006). The minority status of women in developing countries thus exposes them to high rates of HIV/AIDS infections.Gender norms impacts of HIV/AIDS are discerning and even more harmful towards women and girls because they face stigmatization and discrimination on a greater magnitude than men. An ethnographic study conducted by Carr et al. (2004) reported that women were more concerned about the psychosocial insinuations affiliated with being HIV-positive, rather Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 3 than the adverse health outcomes of the disease. The fear of stigmatization accompanying disclosure of HIV-positive status has hindered women from reaching out for appropriate and necessary medical and mental support.Stigma and discrimination have shown to have neg ative effects on women’s mental and physical wellbeing because they suffer from social isolation and low self-esteem (Carr & Gramling, 2004). This has not only resulted in the under-representation of HIV-positive women, it has also created barriers for women to attain better health (Carr & Gramling, 2004). Being physically inferior to men, women are prone to be coerced and being victims of sexual violence. These factors contribute to escalating infection rates because there is an increasing likelihood for survival sex work (Brijnath, 2007).Attributable to poverty and lack of education, women resolve to prostitution for survival. The combination of lack of knowledge regarding practices of safe sex and frequent encounters of sexual partners further enhance women and girls’ vulnerabilities to contracting the disease. Sexual violence is also a common theme among women living with HIV/AIDS (Rountree & Mulraney, 2008). Moreover, it has also been suggested that women are biol ogically more susceptible to disease progression of HIV/AIDS when taking hormonal contraceptives (Quinn & Overbaugh, 2005).The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS The feminization of HIV/AIDS is evident, and requires serious attention. Gender inequality in developing countries has placed significant burden of disease on women, and has been the propelling force for feminization of HIV/AIDS pandemic. In recognizing and fully comprehending the severity of this pandemic, The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS (GCWA) has taken initiative towards fighting for a brighter future for women on a national level. Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 4GCWA is an UNAIDS collaborative effort, which involves diverse networks of organizations and political bodies to alleviate this burden of disease on women and girls (GCWA, n. d. ). The objectives of GCWA are to provide necessary medical attention to those in need, raising awareness, mitigate violence against women, and promote gender equality. GCWA tackles issues concerned with gender inequality and the adverse impacts it has had on women. Public Health Intervention Recommendation Gender inequality and inferiority are the undertow that has deteriorated the feminization trend of HIV/AIDS.Public health initiatives should focus on empowering women and improving their independence. This can be achieved through specialized support systems that educate and raise public awareness of the roots and gravity of the situations. Furthermore, this should be complemented with employment referencing and acquisition support programs to enrich their economic autonomy. Conclusion HIV/AIDS has become a feminizing pandemic, resulting in disproportionate burden of disease on women and girls. Traditional subordination of women as minorities has exacerbated the severity of the issues.Global Coalition on Women and AIDs is a comprehensive initiative that targets the root of this problem. Future initiatives for decreasing this gap of gender inequality should emphasize on empowering women and promoting their autonomy. Running Head: Face of AIDS: Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS 5 References Brijnath, B. (2007). It’s about time: Engendering AIDS in Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9(4), 371-386. Carr, R. L. , & Gramling, L. F. (2004). Stigma: A health barrier for women with HIV/AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 15(5), 30-39. Mulligan, S. (2006). Women and HIV/AIDS.The Furrow, 57(4), 232-238. Quinn, T. C. , & Overbaugh, J. (2005). HIV/AIDS in women: An expanding epidemic. Women’s Health, 308, 1582-1583. Rountree, M. A. , & Mulraney, M. (2008). HIV/AIDS risk reduction intervention for women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38, 207-216. The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS. (n. d. ). About GCWA. Retrieved March 25, 2011, from http://www. womenandaids. net/about-gcwa. aspx U. S. Global Health Policy. (2010). AIDS deaths (adults an d children) 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2011, from http://www. globalhealthfacts. org/topic. jsp? i=7

The four principles that should guide business negotiations Essay

The four principles that should guide business negotiations - Essay Example By applying these policies in business negotiations, one can be capable of satisfying the requirements and needs of consumers more adequately. For example, the first policy demonstrates that by understanding what a consumer needs one should be able to specifically manufacture what is needed by the customer and this eases negotiations between both parties which eventually ensures that the communities’ needs are met (Weiss and Hughes, 2012). The second principle shows that when you as a producer offers a wide range of products or take into account your consumers opinions, you enable the consumers to have the freedom of choice which ensures that they are able to choose wisely and adequately on what suits them best. The third policy explains that one should be able to provide accurate information about the product he is selling to the consumer and these lessens their questioning during negotiation which in the long saves on time and ensures that others are served in the business premises. Lastly, the fourth policy illustrates that when one is able to agree with the consumer on the product chosen they both ensure that a fair agreement has been reached since the consumer’s needs have been met, and these enables more service to the community since you meet their

Employment Relationship in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employment Relationship in Australia - Essay Example In the past existed a tradition of centralized regulations of wage rates and working conditions through the granting of awards and various other agreements by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission was permitted through the industry as well as national level. While somewhere from the last decade there was a drastic reduction in the Commission's influence to placate and arbitrate award matters. And to add to these individual agreements between employers and workers was encouraged at all enterprise level. (Plowman, 361-363) Jargon such has high dedication and participation and high functioning work systems have entered the lingo of employees to denote new approaches and methods to management styles which reiterate the importance of certain work practices like team work, multitasking and high employee association to achieve and maintain high levels of eminence and productivity. But surveys have shown that employees feel strongly that they are not consulted on key an issue which inevitably affects their work. In additions works feel stress level rising as they are being overworked and due to a reduction in job security. Changes and innovations of any kind usually occur by a number of means and various reasons. Some changes are evolutionary and proceed with gradual increment, on the other hand changes made by the synchronization of management, workers, and unions are usually permanent. (Lansbury, n..p) One of the most important and interesting changes in the last few decades regarding work reforms has been the relationships between the macro and enterprise level. Many workplace issues if not all have important to economic and sociopolitical debate, which both major political parties have claimed superiority. The Labor Party that reigned from 1983 to 1996 strived to achieve change through a formal concurrence. Employees agreed to moderate wage levels to curb inflation with the promise of future economic and social reforms. With strong support from the unions the government also undertook the initiation for workforce market modification, which primarily included decentralization of employment relations. At the dawn of 1990's the Labor Government provided flexibility to non-union agreements at a workplace, although being controversial t revamped thinking and cemented the way for more deep-seated changes during the later half of the 1990's after Labor lost office. On the other hand a m ore hard line policy was pursued by the Liberal-National Party Collation Government after the elections of 1996, on labor market restructuring and relationships with union activities becoming tumultuous. Under the new collation government reforms were bought through a more unilateral recommendations then collaborations with workers and their unions. Sadly the government promoted individual growth and not collective changes for the entire overall workplace. It is therefore essential to consider changes in relations in workplaces at a national level and enterprise level, in Australia worker relationship has been institutionalized for the better part of the twentieth century as unions play an important role id efficiently regulating the labor market. Consistent stability after the Second World War,

The changes in American foreign policy at the turn of the 20th century Essay - 1

The changes in American foreign policy at the turn of the 20th century - Essay Example The foreign policies were however, modified clearly in the next decade-a-half. This modification brought in a cautious non-entanglement between U.S. and other countries if not complete isolationism. The isolation gap grew bigger between the increasingly internationalist policy and the isolationist American policy when Franklin Roosevelt won elections into White House. However, Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor as America entered into the World War II. The changes in the American foreign policy can therefore, be categorized as follows: This was characterized by a period where America was making confident interventions. Theodore Roosevelt had arrived as the president. The situation was however, less promising. This was because President William McKinley had been assassinated. The new president had a lot of self-confidence (Hastedt 68). Theodore Roosevelt came in to push through the goal of U.S. that had been held for a long time. This goal was about building the inter-oceanic canal, which had to go through the Central America. The U.S. policy makers chose the northern side of the Republic of Columbia as the route for the canal. However, resistance from the Columbian government was clear. Because of this, the U.S. president found a reason to support an â€Å"independence movement† in from the state of Panama, northern Columbia. Apart from detecting this movement, Roosevelt also recognized the government, which was supporting the construction of the canal. Panama, as a result, fought for independence from Columbia, and eventually granted the rights to the U.S. government to construct the Panama Canal (Hastedt 68). Cautious of the possibility of European nations coming in to intervene in the internal affairs affecting the Latin American nations, Roosevelt not only toughened but also extended the â€Å"Monroe Doctrine† (1824) by inserting his â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.† This period was characterized by cautious

Illegal Immigrants and Their Impact on Jobs in the United States Research Paper

Illegal Immigrants and Their Impact on Jobs in the United States - Research Paper Example Rising costs Injustice Increase in other criminal activities If these issues are addressed in an appropriate manner, it will help us to overcome these problems and the country will be stabilized economically. Problem Recognition: Illegal immigration is itself a grave problem that causes a lot of internal damage to a country. In United States, illegal immigration has reduced employment opportunities for the local citizens of the Unites States. Due to this injustice, the citizens are left with limited or no job opportunities, which increases their frustration with illegal immigrants and the entire social structure of a certain place can be damaged. These illegal immigrants are being paid by their employers or even if they are being paid undercover, we will find the other citizens of the United States of America looking for employment opportunity. It is unethical for the employers to pay the illegal immigrants under the table and even employers are also aware of their unlawful actions. This action also raises discrimination and violation of rights against citizens. As the illegal immigrants are paid under the cover by their employers; they receive more money, they get better employment opportunities than the citizens and then they compete with the other citizens in acquiring the better jobs which gives rise to competition, discrimination, violence and hatred in the society. Also, illegal immigrants do not pay tax because of their illegal status which causes a lot of damage to the economic infrastructure of the country. Therefore it is highly important for the U.S Government to strategize a proper policy to take strong action against employers who hire illegal immigrants and take away the ‘right’ of employment from the citizens. This step will help the economy to recover itself, stabilize the job market condition and equal distribution of rights and opportunities will become available to every citizen. Analysis of the Problem: United States is the only country that is faced with the largest number of illegal immigrants. The rise of illegal immigration is gradually contributing to the increase in U.S population every year. For illegal immigrants, the United States of America is a place with better living conditions and unlimited employment opportunities. Many of the illegal immigrants consider the country as a â€Å"dreamland† where they can make better money and live a high quality life. As a result, every year the country’s population increases due to influx of a large number of illegal immigrants to the United States. It should be remembered that an increase in population is not a worrisome condition. However, it may become such, where a large number of illegal immigrants benefit themselves from the programs created by the government, that are intended to help and facilitate people who do not have affordability or access to benefit themselves for better healthcare facilities, food, medicines and other essential da ily life amenities. These facilities are funded by the tax payers. As the population and the need for these benefits increase, the tax payers are required to pay more tax in order to facilitate the less privileged people on a large scale (Adam David). Hence, we can say that due to large population of illegal immigrants, the less privileged people fail to receive their rights and the tax payers pay more

Should China be Promoting Big Business Groups Essay

Should China be Promoting Big Business Groups - Essay Example As the discussion stresses Chinas enterprise groups have performed better than any other enterprise. They are competitive and ready for the challenge of improving the nation’s economy. They have driven the economy of china to a higher level. The process of transforming these enterprises is better known as Jituanhua. By 2004, china transformed about 2692 enterprises into enterprise groups. This enterprise groups provided employment for almost 30 million people in china. Their output has grown up to 21% annually. These enterprise groups expanded more as many more companies joined in to work together.From this paper it is clear that  China has adopted the East Asian style to development. This started all the way from 1980s when it was realized to be one of the fast growing economies in East Asia. They key models imitated by the Chinese economy from other already developed states in East Asia are state controls over the finance, government intervention in state firms, substituti ng imports in some industries and high export activities. A lot of saving and investment is also encouraged locally. Much similarity is noticed between Taiwan and china since they both have private and state enterprise sectors that play the crucial role in their development strategies.  It is surprising that this was the case even though china shared most of the affected sector with other East Asian countries.... This started all the way from 1980s when it was realized to be one of the fast growing economies in East Asia. They key models imitated by the Chinese economy from other already developed states in East Asia are state controls over the finance, government intervention in state firms, substituting imports in some industries and high export activities. A lot of saving and investment is also encouraged locally. Much similarity is noticed between Taiwan and china since they both have private and state enterprise sectors that play the crucial role in their development strategies. In 1997 and 1998, there was a financial crisis that affected the East Asian countries though china was affected at a minimal degree. It is surprising that this was the case even though china shared most of the affected sector with other East Asian countries. The East Asian financial crisis According to (Yang & Tyes, 1999), the East Asian countries were doing remarkably well in the financial development around the year 1997. Financial and currency crisis affected this greatly. Many economies in this region that had expanded started to slow down. This era experienced currency depreciations. According to (Yang & Tyes, 1999) â€Å"The external crisis combined with domestic reforms and with the changes that were taking place in the macroeconomic policy to retard overall economic growth and an increase in employment.† The Chinese people had long valued the culture of saving and using the savings future which saved china’s economy from collapsing like the rest of the East Asian states. Japan experienced a drop in investment to about a tenth in the years 1997-1998. In some countries, the economy declined by a half. Production of

Security Roles CCJS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Roles CCJS - Essay Example Control is applicable to people, technological devices and information. James (2013) highlights that they ensure access is given only to authorized and people. They ensure control through proper identification and authentication before they authorize entry into premises. It is important to note that controlling access to an organization is a critical step towards ensuring that the assets are secure. It is through unmonitored access that assets are stolen or destroyed on intentional basis. Access protection limits hazards that can lead to loss of property. Related to access control, the security department also takes the responsibility of doing patrols and monitoring the surveillance facility to check for anything unusual that could lead to loss or damage to the assets (Indira, 2009). They are held responsible to detect fraud or misuse of an organization’s assets. A security director heads a security department and usually reports to the Chief Officer. Marian (2011) points that his managerial role involves managing security officers in order to ensure that facilities are well protected. He/she delegates responsibilities to them by developing regulations and procedures that guide their activities. Another role involves assisting and giving advice to the heads of operating units in ensuring that safety is enhanced (Marian, 2011). The director advises departmental heads on strategies and steps to take in ensuring that the facility is managed effectively and assets protected. He/she coordinates information exchange and security services to ensure that assets are protected. It is the role of the director to implement a security program and coordinate all departments to ensure that the policies are followed. The administrative functions of a director revolve around taking part in training officers in matters related to monitoring and protection of assets. The director also directs installation of programs that will support

Ethics and Corruption at News International Essay - 3

Ethics and Corruption at News International - Essay Example d in 2005 when Clive Goodman wrote an article at News of the World stating that a member of the Royal Family, Prince William borrowed a portable editing suite from Tom Bradby, a correspondent from ITV. There were no other people who were aware of it except for Prince William and Tom Bradby and figured it was likely that their voicemails must have been illegally tapped. An investigation followed headed by Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police that led to search of News of the World London office where they found voice mail accounts belonging to Prince William’s aides that included Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton. Clive Goodman and his associate Glenn Mulcaire were later arrested by the Metropolitan Police and were charged with tapping the telephones of the royal family which is a criminal offence under section 79 of the  Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (The National Archives). Both plead guilty of the charge and were sentenced to four and six months in jail. During a July 2011 investigation, it was revealed that the phone tapping were not only limited to the Royal Family and other public figures but also included the relatives of the murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler and the victims of the July 7 London bombings. The Metropolitan Police also estimated that there may be 4,000 possible targets from the documents they seized from News of the World Today (BBC News 2011a) Further investigation revealed that moneys were paid to police between  £20,000 to  £30,000 in exchange for information that News International would published as confirmed by a former Scotland Yard chief (Chapman 2011). These incidents of phone tapping and police bribery revealed the extent of unethical practice in the journalism industry in the UK that resulted in a public outcry against New International’s insensitivity for the already aggrieved victims of crimes and its total disregard of ethical propriety in obtaining information. The News International case also